Glossary of Usage Waive and Wave

The words waive and wave are  homophones: they sound alike but have different meanings. Definitions The verb waive means to voluntarily  defer, dispense with, or give up (a claim or right). The verb wave means to make a signal with the hand or to move freely back and forth. As a noun, wave refers to a ridge of water, a surge, or a rising trend. Examples Some agencies waive the collection fees on overdue student loans if they are paid in full.The retiring  ballplayer waved to the crowd, looking somber in his final moment of glory.A silent security guard in a pasty-green uniform directed us with  a careless wave  to a flapping wooden door, from which a cold, abysmal breeze steadily blew.(Larry Frolick, Grand Centaur Station.  McClelland Stewart, 2004)The boisterous sea of liberty is never without a wave.(Thomas Jefferson in a letter to Richard Rush, October 20, 1820)The singing reached Joe vaguely; he felt happy and friendly toward all the people gathered here . . .. He liked them—he loved them. Great waves of good feeling flowed through him.(F. Scott Fitzgerald, Crazy Sunday. American Mercury, 1932)[T]he crossing guard stands and winks at me daily, as dependably as a blinking light. . . . She is waving cars and people forward in waves.(Rosellen Brown, How to Win. The Massachusetts Review, 1975) Idiom Alerts Make WavesThe metaphorical expression to make waves means to create a disturbance or make trouble by doing or saying something new or different.Today, artists kicking around in political waters are more likely to  make waves  online using social media, and more likely to gain viral attention with an unexpected political quip at an opportune moment.(Joe Cascarelli, Prophets of Rage Bring Their Anger to the Republican Convention. The New York Times, July 20, 2016)Wave (Someone or Something) Off or AwayThe phrasal verb  to wave (someone or something) off or away means to dismiss or to make a signal with the hand indicating that someone or something should move away or stay at a distance.-  China once could  wave off  complaints about its currency policies, arguing that it was a developing nation entitled to a bit of slack from its Western customers.- Kipper  waved off  a security guard who seemed intent on holding them up, and accelerated past, paying no respect at all t o his frantically waving clipboard.(John Birmingham, Without Warning. Del Ray, 2009) Practice (a) A record-breaking heat _____ tightened its grip on New York City on Tuesday.(b) An  enormous  _____  crashed high on the beach, sweeping the castle into the sea.(Steven  J. Simmons,  Alice and Gretta.  Charlesbridge, 1997)(c) According to policy experts, parties may choose to _____ legal rights when public money is involved.(d) The country has recently experienced  another great _____  of immigration, the largest since the 1920s. Answers to Practice Exercises: Waive and Wave (a) A record-breaking heat  wave  tightened its grip on New York City on Tuesday.(b) An  enormous  wave  crashed high on the beach, sweeping the castle into the sea.(Steven  J. Simmons,  Alice  and  Gretta.  Charlesbridge, 1997)(c) According to policy experts, parties may choose to  waive  legal rights when public money is involved.(d) The country has recently experienced  another great  wave  of immigration, the largest since the 1920s.

Argumentative Essay Am I A Criminal - 2178 Words

Diana Gallegos Mr. Thompson English 1A 6363 04 May 2016 Am I a Criminal? Despite communities lacking sufficient affordable housing and shelter space, cities are continuing to penalize people forced to live on the streets and in public spaces and in addition include criminal penalties for violations of these laws. Instead of criminalizing the homeless and wasting millions of dollars, we should unite with advocates that are going to help protect those living on the streets and go head to head with those laws that strongly discriminate against the homeless. As human beings we can be selfish and we do not really care about matters that have little to do with our lives or affect us in a major way, which is why problems that affect us as a†¦show more content†¦It does not make any sense whatsoever to criminalize the homeless and incarcerate them. It has been proven that if we put more of our time and money into helping the homeless instead of strongly passing laws that discriminate against their human rights, not only will we save money but we can also help slowly cease the criminalization of the homeless. Furthermore, laws are criminalizing people just for being homeless and more cities are passing bans on begging, loitering, and sharing or giving away food in public places. As we start to criminalize the homeless for irrelevant reasons, the homeless end up being taken to the hospital and being arrested due to being on the streets and violating these new laws. As a community sometimes we are unaware and not properly informed of the amount it is costing us tax payers, when we could be avoiding these hefty costs by investing in proper homeless shelters and facing the issue head first instead of putting up barriers. Laws that discriminate against the homeless may not change overnight and the fact that a homeless man or woman may be incarcerated for sleeping on the street or begging for some money, but at least there will be less homeless people roaming the streets and less homeless people to discriminate upon and incarcerate. In ad dition to costing tax payers tons of money for incarcerating the homeless and

Hospital Organization Free Essays

string(48) " a number of state-based cost control programs\." Hospitals continue to be the largest segment of the health care industry, measured by economic volume and delivery of a wide range of professional services. HEALTH CARE SERVICES The different segments of the health care delivery system provide various combinations of services. The specific combination offered depends on a variety factors that prevail in a location, including state and local licensing laws, reimbursement structures, availability of medical personnel and facilities, and the demographic details (such as age and industrial distribution) of the potential patient population. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospital Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now The unique aspect of the health care industry from an audit perspective is the health care delivery system – the revenue cycle. The other cycles are essentially similar to those in manufacturing or selling enterprises. Services are generally described by a six-level classification. Those levels indicate, but do not strictly define, the type of organization, the level of medical treatment involved, or the severity of, or prognosis for, the medical situation. The levels are: †¢Preventive – Health education and prevention programs provided by business and other organizations, such as schools and family planning clinics. Primary – Early detection and routine treatment of health problems, such as are often provided by physicians’ offices, industrial and school health units, and hospital outpatient and emergency departments.†¢Secondary – Acute care services, typically provided by medical personnel, through hospitals, using elaborate diagnostic and treatment procedures. †¢Tertiary – Highly technical services, such as for psychiatric and chronic diseases, provided through specialty facilities and teaching hospitals. †¢Restorative – Rehabilitative and follow-up acre, typically provided by home health agencie s, nursing homes, and halfway houses. Continuing – Long-term, chronic care, typically provided by geriatric day care centers and nursing homes. The growing economic magnitude of the health care system has led to increased regulatory activities focusing on health care. This increase in regulation interacts with a growing demand for more health care and for increasingly technical and complex methods of providing it. The largest and most evident regulatory activity involves reimbursement by state governments. Other regulatory activities are concerned in varying degrees with the availability and quality of health care.There are continued initiatives by state government to link such regulations to reimbursement in order to enforce compliance. The presence of multiple regulatory systems influences the demand for and the nature of professional accounting services required by health care institutions. Those systems often emphasize reporting requirements, and health care institutions tend to view compliance reporting as a major use of accounting data. Auditing services in particular are affected because the regulatory agencies rely heavily on the attest activities of the health care institution’s independent accountant.STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION Patient care is the essential function of a hospital. Other vital roles include medical education and research. Recently, many larger general hospitals have become total community health centers, providing a wide range of outpatient services in addition to traditional impatient care. One characteristic of the growth of the health center concept is the emergence of such diverse related organizations as real estate holding companies and medical management companies.These organizations are a response to changes in the reimbursement, regulatory, tax and financial environment facing hospital management. Such nontraditional organizational structures and patterns of activity are needed to provide adequate financial resources to support the delivery of health care by hospitals. Some observers see these changes as leading to major multihospital systems, so that in the future a few major health entities may control the majority of the hospital beds in the country. Hospitals may be classified by type of ownership and mode of operation, as follows: Government – Hospitals operated by governmental agencies and providing specialized services to specific groups and their dependents, such as the military, veterans, government employees, the indigent and the mentally ill. †¢Investor-owned (proprietary) – Hospitals owned by individual proprietors or groups of proprietors or by the public through stock ownership. The objective of such hospitals is to operate for profit. †¢Voluntary nonprofit – Hospitals operated under the sponsorship of a community, religious denomination, or other nonprofit entity.This is the largest category (in number of hospitals), comprising two major types: teaching hospitals and community hospitals. a. Teaching hospitals – Generally university-related hospitals, their health care service activities combine education, research and a broad range of sophisticated patient services. Large community hospitals affiliated with medical schools and offering intern and resident programs are also considered teaching hospitals. b. Community hospitals – Hospitals that traditionally are established to serve a specific area, such as a city, town, or county, and usually offer more limited services than teaching hospitals do.Hospitals may also be categorized by the type of care provided, as short-term (acute), general, long-term general, psychiatric, and other special care. The mode of a hospital’s operation and type of care occur in various combinations, such as government psychiatric or short-term pediatric. THIRD-PARTY REIMBURSEMENT OR PAYMENT A major difference between health care entities and commercial enterprises is that the recipient of health care services – the patient – in most cases does not pay directly for the services. Instead, payment is made by some other organization.The payment is often referred to as a â€Å"third party†. Typically, a hospital’s most significant patient revenue sources are its reimbursement contracts with third parties. In each case, there is an identifiable group of patients whose health care services are paid for, in whole or in part, by the third party. The amount of the reimbursement, as well as the eligible class of patients and other administrative matters, is covered by regulations or contracts. The major third parties are governmental agencies. Of these, the state government is the largest. Medicard is state-administered third-party reimbursement program designed to underwrite hospital costs of the medically indigent and those eligible for certain types of public welfare. Medicare is a third-party reimbursement program administered by the Health Care Financing Administration of the Department of Health and Human Services. State governments have long been involved in reimbursement for health care services, and their involvement has increased through participation in the Medicard Program. Recently, the continued growth of third-party expenditures for reimbursement has fostered a number of state-based cost control programs. You read "Hospital Organization" in category "Papers"Of increasing importance are a wide variety of controls at the state level, usually referred to by terms such as state rate control. The state government has been quite active in encouraging or supporting such programs. The impact of governmental and commercial third parties on hospital is affected by when the reimbursement or payment is determined and the basis of the reimbursement or payment. Third-party reimbursement systems are either retrospective or prospective. Retrospective refers to third-party reimbursement systems that determine the amount to be paid after the services have been performed.In prospective payment systems, the amount is determined before the services have been performed. Reimbursements or payments are usually based on either the costs (to the hospital) of services performed for eligible patients or the amounts charged by the hospital for such services. The regulations or contracts of the third party contain specific provisions designed to ensure that only certain costs or charges enter into the determination of the reimbursement or payment. There are also provisions to ensure that reimbursement or payment is made only for services to eligible patients.Third-party payers can be expected to continue to refine their approach as the volume of payments increases. The difference between the hospitals established rates for services rendered and the amounts received or receivable from third-party payers known as a contractual allowance and is shown as a deduction from gross patient revenues on the statement of revenues and expenses. PAYMENTS AND SETTLEMENTS Under many retrospective reimbursement and prospective payment contracts, the hospital is paid throughout the year on an interim basis.The payment is based on estimates of costs expected to be incurred during the year in serving patients. At the end of the fiscal year, a reimbursement report is filed with each third party, and any difference between the final cost settlements, by providing an independent basis for third-party reliance on the hospital’s accounting records. Reimbursement reports typically include cost-finding calculations that segregate direct costs by cost centers and allocate overhead costs from indirect or nonrevenue-producing centers to revenue-producing centers, us ing one of several allocation methods.Departments that provide direct patient services such as nursing, laboratory, and radiology are examples of revenue-producing centers, while support or overhead units such as laundry, dietary, and administrative services are typical nonrevenue-producing cost centers. This allocation produces an operating cost for each revenue-producing center, consisting of its direct costs plus its share of indirect costs. After all costs have been assigned to revenue-producing centers, they are apportioned to the various third-party payers. STATISTICSDepartmental activity or usage statistics are employed in most cost-finding methods used to allocate overhead costs to revenue-producing centers. Some statistics, such as square feet of space, may remain unchanged from prior years. The auditor should, however, inquire whether changes have occurred. Simple observation is helpful; a new wing, department, or floor plan means that statistics must be updated. Certain statistical information is generated by the various transaction cycles. Examples of statistics that are generated in the buying cycle are: Payroll pesos – Used to allocate employee benefits, health and welfare costs, and other compensation costs. †¢Hours worked – Used to allocate nursing administration costs and sometimes employee cafeteria costs. †¢Full-time equivalent employees (FTE) – Sometimes used to allocate employee cafeteria costs. Other statistics utilized in cost-finding and third-party reimbursement are generated by departmental activity studies and surveys. Examples of such statistics are pounds of laundry, housekeeping hours of service, social service hours, and cost of drugs and medical and surgical supplies issued to nursing stations.Medicare regulations require a study of at least four 2-week periods annually. FUND ACCOUNTING The audit guide prescribes the use of fund accounting for the external financial statements of nongovernment, not-for-profit hospitals. Fund accounting entails the maintenance of separate or group accounts for hospital resources according to the spending objectives set by donors, other outside sources, or the board of trustees. (Investor-owned hospitals are regarded as business enterprises and report as such. ) Two broad classes of funds are used: †¢Unrestricted funds, which encompass assets other than those that are restricted, as defined below.Many authorities believe that this class of funds should be referred to as general and that the term unrestricted is misleading, since restrictions other than those imposed by donors or grantors may be placed on assets of these funds. A reserve account maintained under a bond indenture provision is an example of an asset that is included in unrestricted funds but is restricted as to use. †¢Restricted funds, which encompass assets that are subject to restrictions imposed by specified external parties, that is, donors or grantors. Examples are plant replacement and endowment funds. AUDIT STRATEGY AND RISK ASSESSMENTIn many ways, the accounting systems and controls that operate in health care institutions are the same as those in any other industry. Because of regulation by governmental agencies and consumer group pressures, however audit concerns for hospital client is expanded considerably. Those concerns, fee pressures because of the nonprofit nature of many institutions, and competition among firms all create a need for this audit analysis to streamline audit procedures and improve audit efficiency as much as possible. In developing an audit strategy for a hospital engagement, the auditor had a thorough understanding of the patient mix.The geographic location of the hospital, the range of service it provides, and state regulations influence the age, financial status, and insurance coverage of the patient population. In particular, the audit strategy will vary depending on whether the services are rendered on a charge-paying or cost-reimbursement basis. If most of the hospital’s services will be paid on a cost-reimbursement basis; the propriety of costs incurred is a primary concern of the auditor. The accuracy of dep artmental revenue classification is also important in the cost apportionment process. The payment is made either directly by the patient or by third parties based on actual charges billed; auditing statistical data and departmental cost classification is deemphasized since those data do not affect revenue. In planning hospital audit, it is important to have an understanding of the hospital’s current financial position and financial trends. Analyzing financial ratios may lead to a fuller understanding of the hospital’s operations and problems than could be obtained from reviewing raw data. It is also helpful to compare the hospital’s operations and financial position with those of the other institutions.Inherent risk in considerations in the health care industry revolves around the third-party reimbursement structure. A key concern is billing procedures, which are complicated by the very significant involvement of third parties. TYPICAL TRANSACTIONS, INTERNAL CONTROLS, AND AUDIT TESTS PATIENT REVENUE CYCLE The major source of revenues in a hospital is services provided to patients. Revenue was recorded, at hospital’s established rate, on the accrual basis at the time services are performed. Patient service revenues are recorded separately by source (laboratory revenues) and by patient type (inpatient or outpatient).Additionally, the source of payment of each patient is essential information that was captured by the accounting system. Hospitals generally billed inpatients after completion of a patient’s stay in the hospital. The actual amount received by the hospital may vary depending on contractual arrangements between the hospital and the patient or a third-party payer. Services rendered to private-paying patients are billed at the established rates, except that courtesy allowances may be granted to doctors, employees, or members of religious orders and charity allowances may be granted as determined by patient needs and hospital policy.To understand the hospital’s patient revenue cycle, the auditor should become familiar with the variou s functions and departments that may serve patients and should also understand how those functions and departments relate to accounting for patient revenue. SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Hospital receivables have several characteristics not normally found in receivables of commercial organizations. First, full-rate charges to patients for services received may be settled for an amount less than the full rate because of contractual arrangements with third-party payers courtesy, charity, or other policy discounts.In addition, large amounts of receivables are paid by third-parties, and payment may be made by a single payer or combination of payers (e. g. , commercial insurance, Medicare, Medicard, workers’ compensation and the patient. ) Since a patient may have more than one insurer, it is possible for duplicate payments to be made on the patient’s account. This results in credit balances in accounts receivable, which are characteristic of hospitals with aggressive billing procedures. The auditor should review the components of these credit balances, and if they are significant, consider reclassifying them. Since the hospital must refund duplicate payments, the auditor should review controls over issuance and use of refund checks to determine that they are for valid credit balances and that they are payable to the proper payee. In most hospitals, accounts receivable are classified according to the patient’s billing status, generally using the following categories: †¢Inpatient:Admitted but not discharged (commonly referred to as â€Å"in-house patients†) Discharged but not billed (accounts awaiting final or â€Å"late† charges, or unbilled as a result of a backlog in billing procedures – which might indicate a control weakness) Discharged and billed †¢Outpatient: Unbilled Billed These categories of inpatients and outpatients may be expanded further to indicate private-paying status or third-party responsibility for payment. The existence and accuracy of accounts receivable are normally tested by reviewing subsequent cash receipts.The validity of admitted-but-not discharged patient receivables can be tested by comparing accounts with the daily census report or by relying on compliance tests of admitting function. Confirming balances with patients may be difficult, and the auditor should consider confirming other items, such as number of days spent in the hospital, types of insurance coverage, or, at least, the policy number and insurance company. This information confirms that the patient was in the hospital. Negative confirmations generally produce adequate results for the â€Å"self-pay† or patient portion of the bill.Typical responses for the third-party portion state that the patient believes the bill will be paid by the insurance company or that the patient is unable to confirm because of insufficient information. NONPATIENT REVENUES Revenues from sources other than patient charges consist of interest on invested funds, unrestricted gifts and grants, transfers from restricted funds, and expenditures of restricted fund assets for the benefit of unrestricted (general) funds. Audit steps for material nonpatient revenues should include, but not limited to: †¢Confirming investment activity with banks or an external trustee. Reviewing date and documents underlying gifts, grants, and bequests, such as board minutes, correspondence, and acknowledgement receipts. †¢Reviewing research or grant documentation. †¢Confirming pledges (or otherwise obtaining satisfaction as to their existence) and evaluating their collectability. BUYING CYCLE Payroll. Hospital employees may be classified as professional and nonprofessional. Examples of professional staff are registered nurses and licensed vocational nurses. Nonprofessional employees include orderlies, housekeeping and maintenance personnel, and kitchen staff.Control over both professional and nonprofessional time is critical since salary costs constitute a significant portion of hospital costs. Generally, the same payroll audit procedures used in other organizations of comparable size also apply to hospitals. Compliance testing of total payroll costs should include tests of controls over classification of costs by department, which is important for purposes of reimbursement and also for cost reporting. Misclassification of a reimbursable cost to a no reimbursable cost center could result in failure to receive reimbursement for that cost.The auditor typically reviews the appropriateness of the account distribution and traces amounts to the payroll register or distribution summaries. Those registers or summaries are tested for mathematical accuracy and then agreed to the appropriate general ledger accounts. Other Expenses. Hospital expenses are typically classified by departmental function (such as nursing services and laboratory services). Proper classification of costs by department is important for financial statement purposes as well as cost reporting and reimbursement.The auditor should test the propriety of the general ledger account distribution by reference to purchasing documentation. Fixed Assets. Controls over the acquisition of property, plant, and equipment by a hospital should be the same for a commercial enterprise. Some hospital departments own and use expensive, highly specialized equipment, such as nuclear magnetic resonance devices. Department heads should, of course, but that involved in capital budgeting and purchasing decisions, but that involvement should not extend to overriding controls that have been instituted for purchases generally. How to cite Hospital Organization, Papers

Qualities of A3 Maps for Intelligence & Planning- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theQualities of A3 Maps for Intelligence Planning. Answer: Introduction An A3 mapping is a systematic approach to solving and making decisions regarding issues of management of organizations. There are different A3 maps that may be used for this purpose. Each of these types has its own strengths and weaknesses. More specifically, the A3 map for solving problems is well defined to carry out the following roles: give a clear definition of the problem, offer education to managers on how to properly train, counsel, and provide leadership (Brooksbank, 2011). In addition, the A3 maps allow for an all-around thinking on the foundation of the Lean theory that points out that processes should be flowing and wastes minimised. Finally, it gives an empowerment to the people to implement great thinking (Buttle, 2010). Strengths of A3 Problem Solving Method The major strength of A3 maps as mentioned within the given document is that it can help to understand the requirement of the client. The given document provides the requirement of client associated with the tourism activity in Wales. From the section of delivery will it is possible to understand and the overall size of the tourism industry and the internal and external business environment. One of the major strength of the document is the ability to provide supporting theory and that can help to properly analyze the market environment of the tourism industry in Wales. The time frame is also provided that can help in proper allocation of task in definite time period. The document also provided reflection that can help in improvement of the tourism business plan. Weaknesses of the A3 Problem-Solving Method The major weakness that is associated with that of the A3 maps in the given document is due to the inability to clearly mention the objectives. In spite of the supporting theory that is mentioned there is no clear practical process that is presented within the map. The gnatt chart within the given document is also mentioned properly. Hence, the major weakness of the A3 maps is due to the fact that it is not possible to clearly rely upon the information. This is due to the unclear and disrupted information that is provided in each of the cases. Reference Brooksbank, R. (2011). Problem Solving Techniques. Management Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Buttle, F. (2010). The A3 Mapping problem-solvinga practical planning tool. Long Range Planning, 18(4), 80-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (85)90088-3

Ansi Pipe Size Charts free essay sample

ANSI Standard Pipe Chart â€Å" The Everbright(China)Stainless steel pipe co. , ltd. (EBSS) and it represents have made every effort to ensure that the information presented in this paper is technically correct. However, neither the EBSS nor its member companies warrants the accuracy of the information contained in this paper or its suitability for any general and specific use. The EBSS assumes no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the use of this information. The reader is advised that the material contained herein should not be used or relied on for any specific or general applications without first securing competent advice. † ANSI Standard Pipe Chart Schedule OD NPS (Inches) Designations (ANSI/ASME) 10/10S 1/8 0. 405 Std. /40/40S XS/80/80S 10/10S 1/4 0. 54 Std. /40/40S XS/80/80S 10/10S 3/8 0. 675 Std. /40/40S XS/80/80S 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 1/2 0. 84 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 3/4 1. 05 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S 1 1. 315 Std. /40/40S XS/80/80S 160 0. 154 0. 219 0. 308 0. 065 0. 109 0. 133 0. 179 0. 25 0. 742 0. 618 0. 434 1. 185 1. 097 1. 049 0. 957 0. 815 1. 474 1. 944 2. 41 0. 8678 1. 404 1. 679 2. 172 2. 844 0. 147 0. 188 0. 294 0. 065 0. 083 0. 113 0. 546 0. 466 0. 252 0. 92 0. 884 0. 824 1. 088 1. 309 1. 714 0. 6838 0. 8572 1. 131 Wall Thickness (Inches) 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Ansi Pipe Size Charts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 049 0. 068 0. 095 0. 065 0. 088 0. 119 0. 065 0. 091 0. 126 0. 065 0. 083 0. 119 Inside Diameter (Inches) 0. 307 0. 269 0. 215 0. 41 0. 364 0. 302 0. 545 0. 493 0. 423 0. 71 0. 674 0. 622 Weight (lbs. /ft. ) 0. 1863 0. 2447 0. 3145 0. 3297 0. 4248 0. 5351 0. 4235 0. 5676 0. 7388 0. 5383 0. 671 0. 851 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 388,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 1 / 6 ANSI Standard Pipe Chart XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 1 1/4 1. 66 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 1 1/2 1. 9 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 2 2. 375 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 2 1/2 2. 875 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 3 3. 5 XS/80/80S 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S 3 1/2 4 Std. /40/40S XS/80/80S XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 4 4. 5 XS/80/80S 120 160 XX 0. 3 0. 438 0. 6 0. 083 0. 12 0. 226 0. 318 0. 636 0. 083 0. 12 0. 237 0. 337 0. 438 0. 531 0. 674 2. 9 2. 624 2. 3 3. 834 3. 76 3. 548 3. 364 2. 728 4. 334 4. 6 4. 026 3. 826 3. 624 3. 438 3. 152 10. 25 14. 32 18. 58 3. 472 4. 973 9. 109 12. 5 22. 85 3. 915 5. 613 10. 79 14. 98 19 22. 51 27. 54 0. 276 0. 375 0. 552 0. 083 0. 12 0. 216 2. 323 2. 125 1. 771 3. 334 3. 26 3. 068 7. 661 10. 01 13. 69 3. 029 4. 332 7. 576 0. 218 0. 344 0. 436 0. 083 0. 12 0. 203 1. 939 1. 689 1. 503 2. 709 2. 635 2. 469 5. 022 7. 462 9. 029 2. 475 3. 531 5. 793 0. 2 0. 281 0. 4 0. 065 0. 109 0. 154 1. 5 1. 338 1. 1 2. 245 2. 157 2. 067 3. 631 4. 859 6. 408 1. 604 2. 638 3. 653 0. 191 0. 25 0. 382 0. 065 0. 109 0. 145 1. 278 1. 16 0. 896 1. 77 1. 682 1. 61 2. 997 3. 765 5. 214 1. 274 2. 085 2. 718 0. 358 0. 065 0. 09 0. 14 0. 599 1. 53 1. 442 1. 38 3. 659 1. 107 1. 806 2. 273 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. : 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 38 8,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 2 / 6 ANSI Standard Pipe Chart Std. /40/40S 4 1/2 5 XS/80/80S XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 5 5. 563 XS/80/80S 120 160 XX 5/5S 10/10S Std. /40/40S 6 6. 625 XS/80/80S 120 160 XX Std. /40/40S 7 7. 625 XS/80/80S XX 5S 10/10S 20 30 Std. /40/40S 60 8 8. 625 XS/80/80S 100 120 140 XX 160 Std. /40/40S 9 9. 625 XS/80/80S XX 5S 10S 20 30 10 10. 75 Std. 40/40S XS/60/80S 80 100 0. 365 0. 5 0. 594 0. 719 10. 02 9. 75 9. 564 9. 314 40. 48 54. 74 64. 43 77. 03 0. 5 0. 594 0. 719 0. 812 0. 875 0. 906 0. 342 0. 5 0. 875 0. 134 0. 165 0. 25 0. 307 7. 625 7. 439 7. 189 7. 001 6. 875 6. 813 8. 941 8. 625 7. 875 10. 482 10. 42 10. 25 10. 136 43. 39 50. 95 60. 71 67. 76 72. 42 74. 69 33. 9 48. 72 81. 77 15. 19 18. 7 28. 04 34. 24 0. 247 0. 355 0. 71 0. 109 0. 134 0. 258 0. 375 0. 5 0. 625 0. 75 0. 109 0. 134 0. 28 0. 432 0. 562 0. 719 0. 864 0. 301 0. 5 0. 875 0. 109 0. 148 0. 25 0. 277 0. 322 0. 406 4. 506 4. 29 3. 58 5. 345 5. 295 5. 047 4. 813 4. 563 4. 313 4. 063 6. 407 6. 357 6. 065 5. 61 5. 491 5. 189 4. 897 7. 023 6. 625 5. 875 8. 407 8. 329 8. 125 8. 071 7. 981 7. 813 12. 53 17. 61 32. 43 6. 349 7. 77 14. 62 20. 78 27. 04 32. 96 38. 55 7. 585 9. 289 18. 97 28. 57 36. 39 45. 35 53. 16 23. 57 38. 05 63. 08 9. 914 13. 4 22. 36 24. 7 28. 55 35. 64 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. : 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 388,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 3 / 6 ANSI Standard Pipe Chart 120 140 160 Std. /40/40S 11 11. 75 XS/80/80S XX 5S 10S 20 12 12. 75 30 Std. /40S 40 XS/80S 60 80 100 12 12. 5 120 140 160 10S 10 20 Std. /30/40S 40 XS/80S 14 14 60 80 100 120 140 160 10S 10 20 Std. /30/40S XS/40/80S 16 16 60 80 100 120 140 160 18 18 10S 0. 594 0. 75 0. 938 1. 094 1. 25 1. 406 0. 188 0. 25 0. 312 0. 375 0. 5 0. 656 0. 844 1. 031 1. 219 1. 438 1. 594 0. 188 12. 814 12. 15 12. 126 11. 814 11. 5 11. 188 15. 624 15. 5 15. 37 6 15. 25 15 14. 688 14. 314 13. 938 13. 564 13. 124 12. 814 17. 624 85. 05 106. 13 130. 85 150. 9 170. 21 189. 1 31. 75 42. 05 52. 27 62. 58 82. 77 107. 5 136. 61 164. 82 192. 43 223. 64 245. 25 35. 76 1 1. 125 1. 312 0. 188 0. 25 0. 312 0. 375 0. 438 0. 5 10. 75 10. 5 10. 126 13. 624 13. 5 13. 376 13. 5 13. 124 13 125. 49 139. 67 160. 27 27. 73 36. 71 45. 61 54. 57 63. 44 72. 09 0. 844 1 1. 125 0. 375 0. 5 0. 875 0. 165 0. 18 0. 25 0. 33 0. 375 0. 406 0. 5 0. 562 0. 688 0. 844 9. 064 8. 75 8. 5 11 10. 75 10 12. 42 12. 39 12. 25 12. 09 12 11. 938 11. 75 11. 626 11. 376 11. 064 89. 29 104. 13 115. 64 45. 55 60. 07 101. 63 22. 18 24. 2 33. 38 43. 77 49. 56 53. 53 65. 42 73. 15 88. 63 107. 32 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. : 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 388,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 4 / 6 ANSI Standard Pipe Chart 10 20 Std. /40S 30 XS/80S 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 10 20 30 40 60 20 20 80 100 120 140 160 Schedule OD NPS (Inches) Designations (ANSI/ASME) 10/10S Std. /20/40S XS/30/80S 60 22 22 80 100 120 140 160 10/10S Std. /20/40S XS/80S 30 24 24 40 60 80 100 120 (Inches) 0. 25 0. 375 0. 5 0. 875 1. 125 1. 375 1. 625 1. 875 2. 125 0. 25 0. 375 0. 5 0. 562 0. 688 0. 969 1. 219 1. 531 1. 812 (Inches) 21. 5 21. 25 21 20. 25 19. 75 19. 25 18. 75 18. 25 17. 75 23. 5 23. 25 23 22. 876 22. 626 22. 064 21. 564 20. 938 20. 376 (lbs. /ft. ) 58. 07 86. 61 114. 81 197. 41 250. 81 302. 88 353. 61 403 451. 06 63. 41 94. 62 125. 9 140. 68 171. 29 238. 35 296. 58 367. 39 429. 39 1. 031 1. 281 1. 5 1. 75 1. 969 Wall Thickness 17. 938 17. 438 17 16. 5 16. 064 Inside Diameter 208. 87 256. 1 296. 37 341. 09 379. 17 Weight 0. 25 0. 312 0. 375 0. 438 0. 5 0. 562 0. 75 0. 938 1. 156 1. 375 1. 562 1. 781 0. 25 0. 375 0. 5 5. 94 8. 12 17. 5 17. 376 17. 25 17. 124 17 16. 876 16. 5 16. 126 15. 688 15. 25 14. 876 14. 438 19. 5 19. 25 19 18. 814 18. 376 47. 39 58. 94 70. 59 82. 15 93. 45 104. 67 138. 17 170. 92 207. 96 244. 14 274. 22 308. 5 52. 73 78. 6 104. 13 123. 11 166. 4 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. : 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 388,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 5 / 6 ANSI Standard Pipe Chart 140 160 10 26 26 Std. /40S XS/80S 10 Std. /40S 28 28 20/80S 30 10 Std. /40S 30 30 XS/20/80S 30 10 Std. 32 32 20 30 40 10 Std. 34 34 20 30 40 10 36 36 Std. /40S XS/80S Std. /40S XS/80S 42 42 30 40 Std. /40S 48 48 XS/80S 0. 5 47 0. 625 0. 75 0. 375 40. 75 40. 5 47. 25 276. 18 330. 41 190. 74 0. 5 0. 625 0. 312 0. 375 0. 5 0. 625 0. 688 0. 312 0. 375 0. 5 0. 625 0. 688 0. 312 0. 375 0. 5 0. 375 0. 5 29 28. 75 31. 376 31. 25 31 30. 75 30. 624 33. 376 33. 25 33 32. 75 32. 24 35. 375 35. 25 35 41. 25 41 157. 53 196. 08 105. 59 126. 66 168. 21 109. 43 230. 08 112. 25 134. 67 178. 89 222. 78 244. 77 118. 92 142. 68 189. 57 166. 71 221. 61 0. 5 0. 625 0. 312 0. 375 27 26. 75 29. 376 29. 25 146. 25 182. 73 98. 93 118. 65 2. 062 2. 344 0. 312 0. 375 0. 5 0. 312 0. 375 19. 876 19. 314 25. 376 25. 25 25 27. 376 27. 25 483. 1 542 . 13 85. 6 102. 63 136. 17 92. 26 110. 64 ?Specializes in Austenitic,Duplex,Nickel Alloy and Titanium Alloy Welded/Seamless Pipes/Tubes ? B-602,Zhongxin Plaza,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China 313000 Tel. : 86-572-2033 388,2033 601 Fax: 86-572-2033 388,2033 602 www. eb-stainless. com Page 6 / 6

Semantics in Daily Life

Semantics in Daily Life Semantics in Daily Life Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It involves studying how individual words are interpreted, how sentences are constructed and how the way the text is written can be literally interpreted (Foley 15). A good understanding of semantics directly relates to all the academic disciplines of all languages, which will allow one to communicate his or her message with clarity and without fear of misinterpretation. Semantics is important in language acquisition. This discipline, being a concerned with the meaning of words, closely relates to language acquisition. Scientists use the understanding of semantics to gain knowledge on the way language is learned. Language is acquired initially by replicating sounds for verbal speech and replicating images for written speech (Langacker 20). These sounds and images require to be assigned meaning, and this is where semantics comes in. Human beings learn words meanings in a basic way at first, but later more complex meanings emerge as capability with a language grows. Semantics expounds on the different types of meanings existing within a language, as a result offers insight into the way an individual builds ability and understanding of a language. Semantics is important in maintaining the structure of a language. Without it, language would lack structure (Giannini 612). The intrinsic understanding of semantics, which accompanies language acquisition, enables speakers not to string words together without any order. Stringing words in any order would give listeners a hard time trying to derive meaning from sentences. Semantics avails speakers a structure to adopt when slotting words into sentences, thus creating discernable meaning. Semantics is important as it enables scientists and academics to connect language to other disciplines. For example, the study of how language is used is paramount in psychology. The discipline of semantics gives a framework for analyzing and understanding language use, even in contexts of fields outside a strict linguistic area of study. A lot of the meaning attached to language is bestowed through inferences. Human beings write things, and the reader infers the meaning of the write-up basing on information available to him or her. Pronouns are an effective type of inference. For instance in the sentence: Jack went to the market. He brought some mangoes, it is not openly shown that the second phrase refers to Jack. However, the initial sentence allows us to infer that Jack brought the mangoes. This is the use of homophoric reference in the study of deixis(Peregrin 50). Writers as a result must understand some semantics to ensure the proper inference of their meanings. Semantics is also useful in Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Using the characteristic of universe of discourse, search engines attain an understanding of a language, for example English. The engines have an understanding of the synonyms and antonyms of a language (Grdenfors 18). Let us take an example of Google, which uses semantics to relate niches and keywords. Google can develop complex relationships in keywords by using its huge information database. For instance, searching Google for internet marketing services and online marketing will reveal similar results. Search engines use semantics to relate long tail keywords and related keywords, including the long tails of the related keywords. In conclusion, the discipline of semantics is very useful in everyday human partaking.

Abstract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abstract - Research Paper Example The first defect is that much of the recent literature of trust is purely based on theoretical concepts. In addition to this the process through which trust strikes cooperative behavior has not been exhaustively tested through empirical observation. Second shortcoming is that much of the literature assumes that trust leads to the highest degree of cooperation. Despite what has been learned, there are three critical shortcomings to the current knowledge of trust and cooperation at the interpersonal level of analysis. First, much of the recent trust literature has been purely theoretical and the process through which trust Second, much of the literature assumes that trust must lead to a high degree of cooperation. For example, behavioral assessment theorists have operationalized trust as conjunctive conduct, thus rendering the same treatment to trust and cooperation and assuming it as one and the same (Arrow, 1974). The same thing has been said by several other authors as well. Nevertheless, there is a need for more research on this topic and some authors state that there should be greater insertion of social elements, particularly social standards, in the subject of

Establishing a New Recruitment Interview Process using Business Assignment - 1

Establishing a New Recruitment Interview Process using Business Modeling Software - Assignment Example This assignment focuses on the description of the preparation of procedures manual that entails certain stages and specific processes that encompass writing a preliminary outline, drafting the proposal, designing a brochure, detailing the preparation plan, and ultimately coming out with the final procedures manual. The researcher explaines the process of developing of the manual through the various stages. First one enhances awareness on the intricate details and elements of design that need to be incorporated in the final outcome to ensure that the proposed manual serves its purpose. The procedures manual created in the assignment and containing all the crucial elements from all the diverse stages of literary work and design is presented. The manual is for are HR personnel, the potential candidates of the proposed software for the recruitment interview process. In addition, the role of human resources facilitator, in the capacity of the HR manager, is crucial as the person identifie d to interpret and analyze the results and to recommend screened candidates for possible positions in the organization. The implementation of the software program that would enhance recruitment process required the clear and accurate identification of major procedures for the potential users. To conclude, the researcher states that this procedures manual created in the assignment presents the manual overview and solution, the detailed procedural requirements, the benefits to the users, and finally, the author’s information.

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and Essay - 7

Indicate a person who has had a significant influence on you, and describe that influence - Essay Example Many people have shown their love and respect for this monument because of his intelligence and wisdom and this makes me appreciate him a lot. The success story of Jobs has caught my attention for years and it has become an inspiration for me to better my own life. I may not be as talented and intelligent as Jobs but I believe that with perseverance, determination and diligence, I can create my success story like my inspiration. This is the reason why I am so interested in business. Currently, business is getting global which makes it become a better place for potential businessmen to show their talents and skills and for one to be given a fair chance of showing what he has got. With the inspiration Jobs has impressed in me, I look forward to finishing my studies and starting my own career that I believe would propel me to great heights of financial

Malaysia Household Income And Expenditure Trends Economics Essay

Malaysia Household Income And Expenditure Trends Economics Essay This section will discuss the background of the study, which explained the economic activities and economic growth by sector and by employment share, Malaysia household income and expenditure trends. This study also mentioned the concept of sustainable development and growth. This study chooses energy consumption in order to identify the factor of environment. From energy consumption, this study will observe the effect of energy consumption on environment. Next, the problem statement will cover the issues and objective, significant, scope and limitation of the study. Background of the study Malaysia is the third wealthiest country in Southeast Asia after Singapore and Brunei Darussalam based on GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita are shown in Table 1.1. It had a population of around 26 million people in 2007. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the population of Malaysia is estimated to grow to 29.8 millions by the year 2020. Most Malaysian is active economically and independently. The start of a sustainable recovery cycle was seen in 2002 but the activity slackened in 2005: GDP growth rate was 7.2% in 2004 and 5.2% in 2005 as shown in Table 1.2. Domestic demand and export dynamism are two major growth factors. Malaysia is characterized by its economys large openness and favourable behaviour towards foreign investments. During the New Economic Policy 1971 1990, a number of policies could be identified to explain the pattern of income. The promotion of export-oriented industrialisation driven primarily by foreign direct investment has seen a need for labour, thus lowering unemployment and raising household incomes. The most dynamic activity sector is electronics, given that the country is one of the worlds major exporters of semi-conductors and electronic components in the 1990s. Table 1.1: Countries of Southeast Asia sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita in US$ Southeast Asia Country Rank International Monetary Fund (2009)[+] World Bank (2008)[++] CIA World Factbook[+++] Singapore 1 50,523 49,321 50,300 Â  Brunei 2 49,110 50,100 Â  Malaysia 3 13,769 14,215 14,800 Â  Thailand 4 8,060 8,086 8,100 Â  Indonesia 5 4,157 3,994 4,000 Â  Philippines 6 3,521 3,513 3,300 Â  Vietnam 7 2,942 2,787 2,900 Â  Cambodia 8 2,015 1,951 1,900 Source: +Data refer to the year 2009. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2010, International Monetary Fund. ++Data refer to the year 2008. World Development Indicators database, World Bank.Note: Per capita values were obtained by dividing the PPP GDP data by the Population data. +++GDP per capita (PPP), The World Factbook 2010, Central Intelligence Agency. The economic activity has been much reliant on electrical and electronic sector and the country must find new growth-generating activities, especially in the face of the soaring competition between countries of this region. Besides, Malaysia is classified among the worlds largest producers in the agriculture sector, particularly of palm oil, cocoa and rubber. Table 1.2: Malaysias Economic Growth from 2006 to 2009 Economic Indicator 2006 2007 2008 2009(f) GDP $million 125,051 132,988 139,159 139,174 Growth of GDP % 6.0 6.0 5.0 -3.1 Inflation (CPI) % 4.0 2.0 5.0 1.1 Unemployment % 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.5 Foreign direct investment % of GDP 4.0 5.0 3.0 4 Export growth % 7.0 4.0 1.5 (16.6) Import growth % 9.0 5.0 2.2 (14.9) Current account balance $million 26,200 29,243 38,914 21,053 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2010 for 2006-2008, Economic Planning Units Forecasting for 2009. The country is also the leading exporter of tropical woods. The United States, Singapore and Japan are Malaysias major trade partners. The country imports mainly manufactured products, machine tools and vehicles. Nevertheless the economic growth of Malaysia has wide implications for structural change in the economy (from agriculture sector to industrialisation), growth of employment opportunities increase in personal income and change in consumption pattern. It has also effected the environment through a variety of techniques such as pollution; natural resources overexpolitation; degradation and wildlife habitat disappeared, and changes in weather. The result of the larger consumption levels in the environmental problem as proven in the declining in the fisheries haul, increasing in threatehned and endangered flora and founa, destroyed of wilflife natural resources, polution and purposely exotic killing, (Khalid, 2007) Environmental policies usually take into consideration the value of natural resources in contributing to processes of biological particularly in controlling flood levels, climate change rules, production of oxygen and absorption of carbon dioxide in the open areas as well as protection of flora and fauna. Environmental degradation is not accurately measured by GDP because the economic growth of the nation depend on natural resources but the strength of the economy must include the condition and sustainability of natural resources. This situation is not happening in Malaysia but those concerned about the protection of wildlife believe good treatment needs to be given to the erosion impact of economic growth on wildlife. Recently, environmental concerns have grown among the community and society, policy maker and government through the sustainable development, despite environmental problem never won against the mega development project, for instance Bakun dam project. The main objectiv e among the developing countries is economic growth through the natural resources exploitation. 1.3 Overview of Malaysia economy Malaysia is the one of the developing countries have transformed itself from 1970s to 1990s from raw materials producer to the multi-sector economy particularly manufacturing and services sector. This transformation was induced by positive economy growth which almost exclusively driven by export of electrical and electronics components. Consequently, global economic crisis and the slump in the information technology (IT) sector in 2001 and 2002 have affected Malaysia economy. However, Malaysia economy grew 5.7 percent in 2003 despite at first half very difficult to sustain due to external pressures such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Iraq war to be concerned among business society. In 2004, growth peaked 7 percent and 5 percent in 2005-2006 and 4.6 percent in 2009. The economic growth thereafter was not as remarkable as before, though some recovery took place in 1987. This was the time when the manufacturing sector for intermediate goods started to expand, which subsequently drove the Malaysian economy forward. This established a new structural change from merely producing primary commodities to process manufacturing and advanced manufacturing, including electronic semiconductors and components of electrical products. In the middle of 1997, the economy faced another economic disaster, the Asian financial crisis that began in Thailand and later spread to all over the ASEAN countries including Malaysia. In fact the exchange rate badly affected most of the ASEAN countries. ASEAN countries had no other choice but to liquidate their current assets in order to offset their losses resulting from the currency devaluation. Slightly more than one year later, the Malaysian economy recovered. All these events have changed the structure of the Malaysian eco nomy to what it is today. It has become a tradition at the dawn of each decade to predict the path or direction and magnitude of economic growth within the context of the challenges and prospects for the next 10 years or more. The 1980s were an enormously difficult and turbulent decade for the global economy. In fact in the 1990s, though expected by some to be somewhat less turbulent and difficult, the struggle should be quite different for Malaysia in its quest to become a newly-industrialised economy. Given the diverse structures of the economy, it has its own internal problems, with its strengths and weaknesses. Malaysia has benefited from higher world energy prices although at the time the cost of domestic gasoline and diesel rising and it has forced the government to reduce the subsidies as well as contributed the higher inflation. Malaysia has reduces the risk of financial crisis throughout the strong foreign exchanges reverse and a small external debt. However, Malaysia economy is still depend on continued growth in the US, China and Japan as a top exporting countries and main sources of foreign investment. All these plans are stated in Ninth Malaysia Plan for its five years national development agenda. The plans targets the development of higher value added manufacturing and an expansion of the service sector stated in Tenth Malaysia Plan. 1.3.1 Economic growth by sector and employment share Malaysias gross domestic product (GDP) grew from RM10 billion in 1970 to about RM37 billion in 1980. It increased further to RM119 billion in 1990 and RM222 billion in 1995. In 2005 and 2009, it increased from RM449 billion to RM528 billion. These figures represent a GDP growth rate of 11% between 1970 and 2009 as shown in Table 1.3. The manufacturing sector expanded from 15% of GDP the in 1970 to 19, 24, 26, 33 and 27 % in 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2009, respectively and declined to 31% in 2005, while the share of agriculture in the GDP declined from 28 % in 1970 to 25, 15, 13 and 10 % in 1980, 1990, 1995 and 2005 respectively. The services sector declined from 42 % in 1970 to 39 in 1980. This sector increases to 46 % and 51 % in 1990 and 1995 respectively but declined to 47 % in 2005, indicating the growing government role and common enhancement in the services condition. All the sectors also changed during the last two decades, particularly in agriculture and mining sectors. In t he mining sector, tin production has declined subsequently crude petroleum became the majot contributor to the Malaysia economy growth. The manufacturing sector transformed from agriculture based products to the manufactured of electrical and electronic components, petroleum products and palm oil products. the export was significant contributor to growth particularly on manufactured goods which has contributed 74.8 percent of total export in 2007. (sources:MITI, Vol.18, date 30 Otc.2008). the electrical and electronic products became the major export of manufactured product, followed by chemical products, machinery, metal, wood products and scientific equipment. Table 1.3: Malaysian gross domestic products by industry, 1970-2005 (RM million in 2000 prices) Source: Economic Report, various issues, Ministry of Finance, Kuala Lumpur The unemployment rate has been relatively decline with a increase in the employment situation for manufacturing and services sector but decrease in agriculture and mining sectors. The services sector has absorbed 52 percent in 2009 compared to 32 percent in 1970. Figure 1.1 shows the contribution to the GDP by the main sectors in Malaysia for year 2009. The services sector became the largest contributor to the GDP compared with the manufacturing sector. This sector includes electricity, water, transportation, wholesale, health, education, hotel and restaurant. Source: Economic Planning Unit, 2009 Figure 1.1: Contribution to the GDP by sector, Malaysia, 2009 In 1970, employment share of the primary sector (agriculture and mining) accounted for 53 % of the total employment. In 1980 and 1990, it declined to 41.4 and 26.6 % respectively as shown in Table 1.4. Employment in the primary sector declined further to 15.2 % and 12 % in 2000 and 2009, respectively. On the other hand, the secondary (manufacturing and construction) sector absorbed about 35.0 % of the workforce in 2009, compared with 26.2, 21.3 and 11.4 % in 1990, 1980 and 1970 respectively. Table 1.4: Gross domestic product and employment share by industry (In 2000 prices) GDP Share (Employment Share) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2009 Primary Sector Agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishing 28 (53.5) 25 (39.7) 15 (26.0) 9 (15.2) 10 (12) 7 (12) Mining and quarrying 7 (2.6) 10 (1.7) 12 (0.6) 11 (0.4) 13 (0.4) 8 (0.4) Secondary sector Manufacturing 15 (8.7) 19 (15.7) 24 (19.9) 33 (27.6) 31 (28.6) 26 (28.4) Construction 4 (2.7) 4 (5.6) 4 (6.3) 4 (8.1) 3 (7.0) 3 (6.6) Services sector 42 (32.5) 39 (37.3) 46 (57.2) 48 (48.7) 47 (51.0) 56 (52.6) Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 (Unemployment):% 7.4 5.7 5.1 3.1 3.2 4.5 Per capita GDP (RM) 1,932 3,038 4,426 8,899 16,497 18,838 Source: Economic Report, various issues, Economic Planning Unit The GDP per capita increased from about RM1,932 in 1970 to about RM3,038, RM4,426 and RM18,838 in 1980, 1990 and 2009 respectively. The employment share in the primary sector decreased from 56.1% to 12% while that of the industrial and services sectors increased from 8.7 % and 32.5 to 28 % and 52.6 % respectively over the thirty-year period from 1970 to 2009 (shown in Table 1.4). With the rise in the employment opportunities, the unemployment rate contracted, except for the mid-1980s, from 7.4 % in 1970 to 3.2 % in 2005 but has since then risen slightly to 4.5% by 2009. The labour market became so tight in the 1990s that some sub-sectors had to resort to imported labour from abroad. (EADN, 2006). Since the 1970s, Malaysia has transformed itself from an economy dependent on raw materials production with a largely poor population to a multisector economy with a middle-income population. These changes have affected the Malaysian household through employment opportunities especially when the Malaysian economy has undergone major structural changes since 20 years ago consequence, the quality of life improved due to the strong growth in the manufacturing and services sector. The Malaysian household has benefited through on increase in its income as well as an improvement in its standard of living and change in expenditure pattern. 1.3.2 The Malaysian household income and expenditure trends Since Malaysia has experienced a remarkable change from an agriculture country to an industrialized country, its GDP has grown from RM37 billion in 1980 to RM528 billion in 2009. As Sanne (1998) pointed out that there is closely relationship between expenditure and income because expenditure patterns tend to change when incomes increase. However, expenditure or consumption plays an important role in generating GDP after export. Figure 1.2 shows a comparison of the GDP per capita between Malaysia, Asia and the world. During 1991 to 2006, Malaysias GDP per capita rapidly increased twice compared with Asia and World. Mean thats, the income of every Malaysian household has increased from time to time except for 1997 when Malaysia suffered from the economic crisis, but the Malaysian economy was still under control compared with other developing countries. Source: Earth Trends Country Profiles, Malaysia Figure 1.2: GDP per capita, 1991-2006 Figure 1.3 shows the Malaysian mean annual household income between 1985 and 2007. Households benefited from the continued increase in disposable incomes arising from high export earnings and positive economic growth which also generated full-employment and income-earning opportunities among the Malaysians. Moreover, the competitive credit provided further support to more household spending. The growth and structural transformation of the Malaysian economy has wide implication on the growth of employment opportunities as well as the distribution of labor force by sectors. Source: Economic Asian Development Network, Economic Reports (Various Issues) Table 1.3: Malaysian mean annually gross household income (RM) 1985-2007 As income level increased, the monthly consumption expenditure per household grew from RM731 in 1980 to RM1, 935 in 2005 (Department of Statistic, 1980-2005). With this quantitative rise in spending came a shift in the type of goods and services under demand. Income grew at an average rate 4 % during 1997 to 2007. According to the Economic Planning Unit, household income in 2004 was around RM38,988. This suggests that the average Malaysian household was quite capable of managing its finances and avoiding overspending. In 1980/82, the average household spending amounted to RM732 monthly, compared with RM412 in 1973. The rise in household expenditure during the period 1994 -1999 was not due to price increases only that households were consuming more, indicating an increase in their income and purchasing power, corresponding to the many years of healthy economic growth. After adjusting for inflation, households recorded a 3.4 % growth in expenditure, in real terms, during the period of 1994-1999. The higher household spending in 1999 was accompanied by the increase in the bundle of goods bought by households, not just because of higher prices. 1.4 Sustainable development and population The basic issue between economic development and environment is the concept of sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development is a broad view of human wellbeing, a long term perspective about the consequences of present activities and full participation of civil society to reach possible resolutions. There are many predecessors (see, for example, Barry, 1977; Page, 1977), the most popular formulation given by the World Commission on Environment and Development on the subject of the sustainable development basic concept: development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987, p43). In terms of economic, the concept of sustainable development implies the important relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in conducting economic activities and utilizing natural resources to fulfill human needs. In Malaysia, sustainable development cannot be achieved if economic growth, social development and environmental protection work separately. Hence, the policy on the environmental has been developed to take into consideration the incorporation of these three actions. Through the sustainable development, Malaysian government plans at continued in enhancing the economic performance, social and quality of life of its people (National policy on environment, 2002). The issue of environmental is crucial for policy-makers in their effort to appear green, in terms of global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, deforestation and population pressure. A number of competing issues and possible solutions to threats ranging from air to water, ground, noise pollution, radioactivity, toxic wastes, pesticides, and endangered species have been implemented (Khalid, 2007). Most of the important goals of sustainable development such as providing a high quality of life for present and future generations were achieved but the economic and social problems are still exist. The economic and social problems faced by Malaysia were mostly from the lack of development and insufficient infrastructure in its early period of industrialization. The rapidly economic development through urbanization, industrialization and other land-use activities since 1980s later gave rise to water, air and land pollution, which have remained as serious environmental problems in Malaysia (Khalid,2007). This problems related to the lack of development in Malaysia gave rise to environment imparts due to inadequate hygienic facilities and lack of proper housing particularly in the rural area. This is the same arise to urban settlement where the unchecked sprawling growth resulted in crowded condition and pollution of rivers by human being. Figure 1.4 shows that quality of life index pe rformed better from 1992 to 2002, while environment index not performed well due to economic and social problem. Environment index grew at -4.3 percent from 1990 to 2007 and this sturcutre should be taken into consideration. In generally, human being is need the clean water and hygienic services because it is very important to ensure good health and proper living. Source: Malaysia Quality of Life, 2004, Economic Planning Unit (EPU),Malaysia Figure 1.4: Malaysia quality of life index and environment index, 1990-2000 Moreover, environmental problems are also closely related to industrialization activities directly and indirectly by households. Economists view on the purpose of production is to feed consumption or household demand. Evaluation of the environmental and social impacts of households need to account for both the direct impacts of the household, such as disposal of household wastes and the emission arising from fuel combustion in a household, and the indirect impacts which are caused during the production of the goods and the delivery of the services to the household. In Malaysia, three factors that influence the intensity of environmental pollution are population size, economic activities and production activities. From these factors, production activities are the most responsible for worsening industrial pollution in Malaysia (Khalid, 2007). Some studies suggest that population growth is one of the major factors causing CO2 emissions (York et al., 2003; Shi, 2003; Cole and Neumeyer, 2004), but the growth of population in Malaysia can also contributed to the worsening of natural resources or system of biological life support. As population increases, the symptom of ecological pressures and scarcity of natural resources will be occurred including deforestation, soil erosion, overfishing and overcrowding as well as economic stress is indicated through lower output, inflation and unemployment, and social problems. Due to the increasing population, pressure builds up for increased production from land use, hence the results from these activities will raise the soil erosion and degradation. These activities are not limited to the destroyed of land but also a declined in the flow of rivers, increased flood levels and silting of reservoir and dam. (Khalid, 2007). A growing population also leads to increase in energy consumption especially electricity, to meet the increased demand and to service the new development areas. Motor vehicle ownership is also increased with a growing population that becomes more affluent, and consequently contributing to greater pollution, particularly in generating CO2 emissions. Sources: United Nation Statistic Division, IMF/2005 Figure 1.5: The total number of newly registered motor vehicles and energy consumption per capita, 1980-2004 From 1980 to 2004, a general increase in CO2 emission was experienced by Malaysia. Only in 1998/1999 was a decline to about 17.6 % seen Figure 1.5. At this time, there was also a drop in the number newly registered private motor vehicles and energy consumption as shown in Figure 1.5. This indicates that a reduction in the use or ownership of motor vehicles will reduce energy consumption (of petroleum) and thereby the generation of CO2. Figure 1.6 shows the total of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Therefore, household expenditure continues to shift away from food towards transports particularly in fuel consumption even though spending on motor vehicles fall. Fuels consumption continues to rise with worsening in public transport system have declined from 11 % to 6 % and it grew at -4.1 % between 1999 and 2005 (DOS). Sources: United Nation Statistic Division, IMF Figure 1.6: The Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), Malaysia In order to reduce the CO2 emissions, many policy-makers have implemented various pollution control policies, for example by improving the public transportation system and increasing the oil price. However, the best way to reduce CO2 emission is to reduce energy consumption by household direct and indirectly. 1.5 Total primary energy supply and final consumption in Malaysia The rapid economic growth in Malaysia has largely impact the energy supply and consumption. The annual growth rate of GDP and total households energy primary use are 5.7 and 7.4 respectively in the 1990s as shown in Table 1.5. However, the economic growth slowed down from 1996 to 2000 due to economic crisis of 1997 in Asian region. The annual average total primary energy supply (TPES) growth increases much from 1991 to 2000 due to major investments particularly in the transportation and industrial sectors, 41.8% and 37.7% respectively. The trends in energy use of Malaysia are relatively same to the trends found in many developing countries such as study done by Park (2007) for Korea and Pachauri (2002) for India. The total primary energy supply (TPES) in Malaysia increased from 5-10 Mtoe between 1991 and 2006. Table 1.5: Income and energy supply and consumption in Malaysia Annual growth rates in % 1991 2000 2008 1991-2000 2000-2008 1991-2008 GDP in Ringgit Malaysia at 2000 constant prices (Million) 205,312 356,401 476,182 5.7 2.94 8.78 Total primary energy supply (Ktoe) 26,335 50,710 69,846 6.8 3.25 10.25 (Per capita TPES in Ktoe) 1.39 2.17 2.59 4.6 1.77 6.41 Total household primary energy use (Ktoe) 13,961 28,705 42,901 7.5 4.10 11.88 (Per capita total household energy in Ktoe) 0.74 1.23 1.59 5.2 2.59 7.94 Direct household primary energy use (Ktoe) 843 1,650 2,565 6.9 4.51 11.77 (Per capita direct household energy in Ktoe) 0.04 0.07 0.10 4.7 3.10 9.04 Sources: Department of Statistic Malaysia and own calculation The enormous growth rates of Asian economy give a large impact to the energy consumption. In the 1990s, the petroleum production and consumption increased tremendously as well as an increase of hydroelectric and coal in generating the electricity for the nation. The demand and consumption of energy increased tremendously from 1991-1997 as shown in figure 1.7. A large amount of investment on electrical infrastructure and automobile has caused primary energy consumption reached at approximately 27.23 million tones and electricity generation almost 6 Mtoe in 2000 and will continue to rise. Source: Malaysia Energy Centre, 2000 Figure 1.7: The total energy consumption and GDP in Malaysia from 1991 to 2006. The future economic growth for any country is hard to forecast but to generate an exactly estimation, firstly must account for the physical and economic growth of the nation. Malaysia projected to grow at 5.7% % annually and will continue at this rate for many years. With increasing rate of urbanization, total primary energy demand is set to increase by nearly 7 % annually. Moreover, political stability and development will continue to drive the economy forward. The Malaysian Ministry of Energy suggest that to provide for its citizens energy demands, RM 4.86 billion dollars will be required over the next 10-15 years: 60% allotted to energy generation and the remainder to transmission and distribution of energy. Such enormous economic growth and increasing infrastructure and demand will likely send the total energy use to well over 100 Mtoe in the year 2020. The growth rate of urbanization shows that the industrial sector of the economy, the sector remains unchanged to require large portions of the total amount of energy used in the nation. The industrial sector could increase to upwards of 50% of the nations economy in continuing competition. The switch towards public transportation in urban areas will potentially cause a decline in the percentage of the economy occupied by the transportation sector. The energy use of residential and commercial sector remains relatively constant occupying only 13%-14% of the total energy use. Vision 2020 sets goals and standards for the nations future as a whole. Malaysia is become a totally developed and united country by the year 2020. In line with to this, Malaysia targets to raise the living standard of rural and urban peoples as well as reducing poverty, finally leading to an increase in the total household primary energy consumption all over the nation. The annual growth rate of total household primary energy consumption is 7.5% and direct household primary energy consumption about 6.9% from 1996 to 2000. Since households income and consumption expenditure increased, the household energy requirement increased too as shown in Figure 1.6. The total primary energy supply of 50,710 Ktoe in 2000 was for an income of RM 356,401million economy very high compared to 1991. 1.6 The effect of energy consumption on the environment Energy use contributes to a range of environmental pressures and is a major source of greenhouse and acid gases. The most polluting fuel, in terms of CO2, SO2, NOx and particulate emissions, is coal, followed by oil. Natural gas burns much more cleanly, can be used more efficiently in domestic boilers, and produces as much CO2 per unit of energy. Disposal of electronic waste such as dry batteries presents serious risks associated with carcinogenic substances, which can be leached to soil and groundwater over the medium and long term. Uncontrolled land filling also releases contaminants, with a time lag. Incineration or co-incineration of electronic equipment waste with neithe

Operation Individual :: Short Stories Technology Papers

Operation Individual A thousand cars, well Computer Assisted Rovers, rode up and down the sky highways of the Upper East Side. Enormous skyscrapers reached to the top of the massive dark sooty heavens that surrounded Chicago, kind of like a bubble that kept them away from the world. The year was 3015, and the world was a completely different place. It was like a metropolitan on speed. Society no longer needed sidewalks, telephones, thanks to video recorded messages, and basically crime, since the Big Brother Project made sure that THEY were watching at every possible moment. Everything was going great except for Operation Artificial Individuals, which was a project designed for the creation of a robot, that looked exactly like a human, thought like one, talked like one, and looked like one. You are all aware of the term artificial intelligence, which is understanding and even placing thought and intelligence into machines. Well since the end of the 22nd century a new term has come out, artificial in dividual or once again A.I., which was coined by Dr. Allan Newell. Dr. Newell who began Operation A.I., created artificial individuals, and mass-produced them for distribution all over the world. Now anyone could have a playmate, a brother they always wanted, and even for the desperate there was the spouse, and at prices that anyone could afford. When they were tested they were immediately approved and found to be very safe and reliable, and just as fast as they were approved they were put onto the shelves for sale. Ten years later they had filled almost half of the city of Chicago, and in many more places around the globe the same thing was happening. What people didn’t know was that the robots had the ability to take over the world if asked to. I know this because I was the one who helped create them; I was working directly under Dr. Newell when we created them. My name is Dr. Mark Altman, and I was the one who programmed them with the ability to do anything that the person with the "key" wanted them to do. See the key was exactly what it sounds like, if you have the key, all you have to do is insert it into the mainframes in his lavatories, type commands, and the artificial individuals would be at your every whim.

Project Schedule

A Little Horizontal Integration, Please Greg Fry MGMT6109049 University of Maryland University College Bureaucracy consists of an organization characterized by: specific job functions and a strict vertical hierarchical structure. Bureaucratic structure introduced a shift in the archetype of society just before the 19th century. Max Weber, known for his thoughts on capitalism and bureaucracy, contributed greatly to this archetype.The classic bureaucratic model, according to Weber, is described as having such characteristics as: political neutrality, vertical structure, specific job responsibilities, and well-written impersonal documentation, which is used to ensure functional reliability. (Weber M. , 1978) This essay will concentrate on the vertical structure and the rigid tasks and knowledge of the bureaucratic model, to show that an organization can become too big and rigid to be effective in daily tasks.According to Weber, â€Å"bureaucratization offers above all the optimum possi bility for carrying through the principle of specializing administrative functions according to purely objective considerations. † (Weber M. , 1958) However, this takes away the human factor, which can hinder an employee from making an effective decision. This is all too clear when looking at the Veterans Benefits Administration, and how they handle their customers. The following diagram depicts the Veterans Benefits Administration Organization (Organization Chart – Veterans Benefits Administration, 2012): pic] Figure 1 The Veterans Benefits Administration organization is a vertically structured government agency. The structure shows how the different regional offices do not have the means to communicate with each other. Figure provided by (http://vacriteria. tpub. com/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm). Weber predicted that bureaucracy would triumph because of its ability to ensure more efficient functioning of organizations in both business and government settings. (Daft, 2010) However, in the case of the Veterans Benefits Administration, Weber may be wrong.The vertical hierarchy and strict rules prevent the different organizations from talking to each other. The example below will show that a large bureaucracy needs to be horizontally integrated along with the vertical structure to allow the employees the freedom to make decisions and communicate properly with other functional areas. A former Air Force member decided to use his GI Bill to continue his education. He started to use his bill while living in the state of Maryland. He then moved to Indiana, where he continued to use the GI Bill without issue.However, during a semester of class, the member needed to drop a class due to job priorities. He contacted the Education Service Organization, as seen in the above chart, to let them know of his issue. They were in agreement that the class should be dropped without penalty. A few months passed, and the member received a letter in the mail from the Eastern Regional office stating that the member owed money due to the dropping of the class earlier. The member called the helpline to explain the situation.The student was told that the regional office is separate from the education services branch and that he should have corresponded with the regional branch instead. The member went up the chain of command within the regional organization, without success. He was advised to protest the decision, which could take up to six months. The frustrated student sent in all the pertinent documents to the review board, which was located in the eastern region. During the protest stage, the member received another letter from the Veteran Administration’s Collections Center.The student was very surprised and contacted the collections center immediately. Once the member was able to reach a person who could help, he tried to explain that he was protesting the decision that was made by the office in the eastern region. The collections officer said that it didn’t matter what he was doing with the eastern region. The collections officer was located in the central region where all non-payments are reported. The student asked if the collections officer could contact the eastern regional representative to clear up the mess that was being created.The answer was â€Å"no† due to the fact that the central and eastern regional offices were not associated with each other, and he had his rules and regulations to follow. After a two year battle, the student ended up having to pay money back to the Administration, along with fees from the collections agency. Rather than focusing on narrow jobs structured into distinct functional departments, the Veterans Benefits Administration should emphasize core processes that cut horizontally across the organization and involve teams of employees working together to serve the customer. Daft, 2010) Weber built these bureaucratic organizations to act like machines and not think; however, bureaucracies could not and cannot act like machines because they consist of human beings. People will simply not imitate machines, although the Veterans Benefits Administration has certainly given it a good shot. Reference Daft, R. L. (2010). Organization Theory and Design (tenth ed. ). Mason, Ohio: Joe Sabatino. Integrated Publishing. (n. d. ). Organization chart Veterans Benefits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Administration.Retrieved January/February 4, 2012, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://vacriteria. tpub. com/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm Organization Chart – Veterans Benefits Administration. (2011, October 10). Retrieved Ocotober 12, 2011, from Integrated Publishing: http://www. tpub. com/content/vacriteria/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. One). (G. Roth, & C. E. Wittich, Eds. ) Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Weber, M. (1958). Essays in Sociology. (H. H. Gerth, & C.W. Mills, Eds. ) N ew York: Oxford University Press. ———————– UNDER SECRETARY OF BENEFITS OFFICE OF EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT & TRAINING CHIEF OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT DEP. UNDER SECRETARY FOR BENEFITS OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF EXE. MANAGEMENT & COMMS EASTERN[pic] REGION CENTRAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION WESTERN REGION REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES COMPENSTATION & PENSION SERVICE EDUCATION SERVICE LOAN GUARANTY SERVICE COUNSELING SERVICE INSURANCE SERVICE

Strategic Alliance Recommendations

Strategic Alliance Recommendations Formation of strategic alliances in the international front requires proper assessment of the environmental conditions in the identified country. Therefore, in this case Dell has to assess the trade conditions in the UK before the establishment of a strategic alliance in the region.  Such evaluation must take into account all the factors that affect the computer business in the UK.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Alliance Recommendations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on the PESTEL model, the first group of factors falls within the realm of political requirements. In this case, Dell Inc has to assess the current and future legislations that directly affect the computer industry. The computer industry is in the UK is a lucrative industry due to high demand of computer products. However, the sector is heavily regulated by the government to ensure secure trade in computer products and services. Issue s such as data security have subjected the sector to intense regulations in the UK. Dell will therefore have to adhere to the requirements before establishing its strategic alliance in the region. With regards to political stability, the UK region is one of the regions in the world that is politically stable. With regards to economic issues, the UK is currently enjoying a state of economic recovery after the financial and economic crisis in the year 2008. The current economic conditions also favor the development of trade in the region. Most countries in the region such as the England and Ireland also experience a constant growth rate in the GDP. However, it is important to note that the region’s economy relies on very complicated financial services such as the subprime mortgages in the U.S. such conditions may lead to a future financial crisis if they are not solved. Socially, the UK region is one of the areas in the world that has a diverse range of social aspects that affe ct the manufacturing sector. The consumption in the country is heavily determined by the demographic factors such as age and gender. Consumption of computer products and service is higher among the youths and adults in early middle age. The consumer purchase decisions in the region are also affected by the value of the brand. The media sector plays an important role in influencing the consumer behavior in the region.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Technological environment in the UK is highly developed. The UK is the center of innovation in the world. Apart from the U.S. and Japan, the UK is one of the regions in the world that has highly developed technologies. This therefore presents a good opportunity for Dell to establish its alliances in the region. However, the company should be ready to experience intense competition due to the presence of other locally bas ed computer firms. With regards to environmental issues, the UK has tough environmental laws that control the activities of the environment. However the region has abundant natural resources that are important for operations of the company. Legal issues greatly influence the computer industry in the region. The UK has established regulations that are meant to control the establishment of trade. In spite of the aforementioned factors in the PESTEL analysis, I will not suspend or limit the operations of the company in UK due to availability of natural resource, better trade conditions, proper strategic location that can be easily accessed by many consumers across the world. The region has good trade networks, which Dell can use to import raw materials from other parts of the world and at the same time export its finished products.

japan subdued essays

japan subdued essays It was the year of 1945 when the U.S. and it's Allies were in War with the country of Japan. Japan had previously attacked the United States Naval Force's in Pearl Harbor, which had resulted in a big loss to the U.S. This event had led to the beginning of a War between the two and some of the U.S. Allies. Japan was trying to take control of a lot of the land in the East and was battling for land control. The book written by Herbert Feis talks about the time era in which the U.S. tried to make Japan during 1945 unconditionally surrender its power to the them, which then led to the Atomic Bomb-S1 usage upon Japans pride to surrender. In the book, the author tries to tell us that the use of the Atomic Bomb could've been prevented if other agreements would've taken place between the two Countries. It also talked about how the second bomb that was used was unnecessary and should've have never been dropped but the U.S. Government said that is was dropped to make a clear statement to Japan. The whole reason the President and General MacArthur agreed the bomb would benefit the U.S., is that it would make Japan surrender unconditionally to the U.S. and could save lives of the U.S. Military from fighting a longer War. Japan would not agree on the surrender terms written in Potsdam Declaration because they did not want their Emperor to fall out of a Dynasty that was to be created. Then the U.S. and it's Allies such as the Germans, USSR, and China all gathered for a meeting with the U.S. informing them all that they were building a new weapon that was going to used on Japan to end war early. They told the Allies that the weapon would be ready early August and that one was ready to be tested on open grounds in New Mexico. It was early August and Japan still hadn't agreed on any terms with the U.S. and the new weapon was even closer to being ready to be dropped using B-29 aircrafts. At this time the USSR was waiting to declare wa...

Managerial Finance assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managerial Finance assignment - Essay Example For the current, the company has a total market share of 21.2% in the UK market for timber, second to London Counties. The company has grown significantly over the years because of the marriage of the managing director, who was a sawmill owner to a wealthy forestry owner in the north of England. Being second in the total UK market, the company is poised for a position of growth as its prospects for the future. Wooden Posts Ltd is poised for growth in the future. However, because of changes in the UK timber market the company is presented with three alternatives by an international business consultancy firm. According to the firm, because the market for the companys products may face a slow down in terms of growth, the company has two options to expand, and one option to withdraw or contract. As the timber market in the UK is forecast to face a slow down in terms of growth, the rivalry in the current competition is expected to become more intense. In order to address this, the first option Wooden Posts Ltd has is to acquire a competitor, London Counties, the player with the largest market share in the UK market. This will increase the companys total market share. This is also significant to the company, as Wooden Posts Ltd has faced challenges in terms of increasing costs in the companys production and distribution systems. The logistical problems that give rise to increasing costs can be addressed by expanding the companys facilities in the form of facilities that are owned by one of its competitors. Although this option presents some potential gains to the company in the form of industry consolidation and economies of scale, this option is considered very risk--one, because of the potential failure of mergers, and two, even the merger proves to be successful, it does n ot guarantee that gains from acquisition are huge enough to contribute to the increase in shareholders wealth. The second option to Wooden Posts Ltd is to improve the

Credit Crunch and Its impact on UK's Real Estate Market Dissertation

Credit Crunch and Its impact on UK's Real Estate Market - Dissertation Example Bernanke and Lown (1991) define a credit crunch as a decline in the supply of credit that is abnormally large for a given stage of the business cycle. Credit normally contracts during a recession, but an unusually large contraction could be seen as a credit crunch. The credit crunch is the result of multiple factors. These multiple factors adversely affect the ability of the banks to supply credit at a time when banks’ ability to adjust to these factors was unusually limited. A credit crunch that continues for a long time is actually opposite of easily available and plentiful lending practices .These cheap lending practices are sometimes called â€Å"Easy Money† or â€Å"Loose Credit† .As it been stated earlier that credit crunch is a cyclic process . During the upward phase in the credit cycle it is seen that the prices of the assets undergo lot of fervent competitions .Upward credit cycle is also marked by the presence of leveraged bidding with inflation in a p articular asset market. These all situation can then lead to formation of a speculative price bubble. During the upswing of the cycle increase in the money supply happens because of new large debt creation. This in turn stimulates the economic activities. Finally there is also chances of temporarily raise in economic growth and development.(Cooper,2008) The reason of credit crunch can be diverse. Few of the reasons are given below: 1. If there is an anticipation about the decline in the value of the collateral. The collateral is used by the banks to secure the loans that are taken. If the decline in value continues then it will lead to credit crunch.(Bizer ,1993) 2. If there is perception in the market about the risk of insolvency of other banks in the banking system. In this situation the traditional financial institutes will tighten the credit lending regulations (Kleege and Stephen,1992) 3. When the central government is imposing direct credit controls or are implementing monetar y changes then lending of the loans will be done very warily by the goverment. (Grant,1993) 4. When there is a prolonged carelessness in lending the loans. The process of lending the loans is inappropriate and doesn’t take into account the intricacies of market and interest rate. This leads to losses to the lending institutions. The debtor is not able to pay the debt and finally the financial institutions will reduce the availability of credit. The prolonged defaults by the debtors leads to credit crunch.(Peek ,Joe and Eric,1993). 5.When the assets which were overpriced, before ,suddenly sees a sharp fall in their prices then it leads to financial crisis because of price collapse. If this price collapse continues then many banks and investors will face insolvency and bankruptcy. The financial institutions will become more alert .As the result the financial institution restore to restrict the regulations for lending the loan and as a result the market will face the credit crun ch.( Rosenblum.1991) The last two points were the main reason for the recent credit crunch that struck the world’s economy. This was caused due to the bursting of housing bubble in